Alcohol dependence in Central Europe: causes, development and treatment
In Central Europe, between 31% and 51% of the population are affected by alcohol dependence, making it the most common mental disorder in the region. Alcohol dependence constitutes the largest patient group in psychiatric hospitals. Furthermore, approximately 10% to 15% of people experience psychosocial problems due to alcohol consumption. Average per capita consumption is over 10 liters of pure alcohol per year, and the trend is rising.
Causes of alcohol addiction
The causes of alcohol dependence are complex and multifactorial. It is an interplay between the substance alcohol, individual factors, and the social environment that leads to the manifestation of alcoholism. Mental disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, or personality disorders act as both causal and perpetuating factors.
Development of dependence
Regular consumption of more than 60 to 80 g of pure alcohol per day over many years often leads to the development of alcohol dependence with significant physical consequences. One liter of beer contains approximately 40 g, one liter of wine 88-112 g, one liter of whiskey 320 g, one liter of vodka 380 g, and one liter of rum 640 g of pure alcohol. The development of dependence is gradual, which is why alcoholism is often diagnosed late.
When alcohol is consumed for psychological relief or to solve problems and cope with stress, the first stage of addiction has already been reached. In the next stage, alcohol tolerance increases, the first drink is usually consumed very quickly, and drinking behavior generally changes. Later, a loss of control and changes in behavior occur, even while sober. Physical dependence increases, and withdrawal symptoms and subsequent physical damage occur. In the final phase, those affected must drink during the day to avoid withdrawal symptoms. However, the course varies greatly from individual to individual.
Typology of alcoholics according to Elvin M. Jellinek
In 1951, Elvin M. Jellinek described five types of alcoholics:
- Alpha Type: Conflict drinker who can control his drinking behavior and is capable of abstinence drinks occasionally.
- Beta Type: Drinks occasionally and is equally able to control alcohol consumption.
- Gamma Type: Compulsive drinker with dependence syndrome, loss of control, development of tolerance, and only temporary ability to abstain. This is the most common form.
- Delta Type: A mirror drinker who drinks regularly and out of habit. Intoxication rarely occurs, but serious physical consequences can occur.
- Epsilon Type: Episodic drinker (“quarterly drinker”) with alcohol excesses lasting several days.
Physical complications caused by alcohol consumption
Alcohol consumption can lead to permanent damage to many organs. Liver damage, pancreatic diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases are common consequences. Alcohol consumption also promotes the development of certain cancers. Other alcohol-related physical disorders include metabolic disorders, increased susceptibility to infections, damage to peripheral nerves, muscle weakness, and epileptic seizures.
Treatment options at the Almas Institute and the Las Almas practices
Das Las Almas Institut und die Las Almas Praxen bieten spezialisierte Behandlungsprogramme für Menschen mit Alkoholabhängigkeit an. Diese Programme sind darauf ausgelegt, sowohl die körperlichen als auch die psychischen Aspekte der Abhängigkeit zu behandeln. Ein interdisziplinäres Team aus Ärzten, Therapeuten und Sozialarbeitern arbeitet eng zusammen, um individuelle Behandlungspläne zu erstellen, die auf die spezifischen Bedürfnisse jedes Patienten zugeschnitten sind.
Treatment typically begins with a comprehensive assessment to determine the degree of addiction and associated health problems. A withdrawal program is then implemented, medically supervised to minimize withdrawal symptoms and ensure patient safety.
After withdrawal, an intensive therapy phase follows, including both individual and group therapy. These sessions address the underlying psychological issues that contributed to the addiction. Patients learn strategies for coping with stress and preventing relapse.
Another important component of treatment at the Almas Institute and Las Almas practices is the involvement of the family in the healing process. Family members are included in the therapy process to create a supportive environment that promotes the patient's recovery.
After completing inpatient treatment, patients are offered an aftercare program that includes regular follow-up appointments and support with reintegration into daily life. This program is crucial for ensuring long-term sobriety and helping patients lead healthy and fulfilling lives.
The combination of medical care, psychological support, and social integration makes treatment at the Almas Institute and Las Almas Clinics an effective solution for people struggling with alcohol addiction. This holistic approach not only treats the addiction but also sustainably improves patients' quality of life.
